Biology & Chemistry Research

Dr. Tunde Adebola

View Dr. Adebola’s biography

Aquatic Ecosystems

Dr. Adebola is a fish ecologist with graduate degrees in marine and environmental science, and public policy. Through his research work, he seeks to understand anthropogenic impacts in aquatic ecosystems. His interests range from learning how humans impact aquatic food webs through activities like fishing, agriculture, development, etc., to seeking how environmental degradation can contribute to pathologies in human populations. Dr. Adebola uses a variety of tools including ecological models and geospatial statistics with the aim to inform environmental management and move society toward sustainable practices that promote better environmental stewardship.

Dr. Todd Allen

View Dr. Allen’s biography

Algae Biofuels

Algae can be grown to have a high protein and/or lipid content, which can be used for animal feed, biofuel, or both. Dr. Allen’s group uses GC/MS (Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometric Detection) for quantifying the total lipid content in samples obtained from algae biofuels companies who are developing cost-effective ways to optimize growth and harvesting techniques to convert the lipid fraction of the algae biomass into various types of biofuels.

 This work provides students with hands-on, real-world, interdisciplinary training in both chemistry and biology. It will provide them with valuable, transferable skills and knowledge, and prepare them for employment, graduate research, or medical school.

 Examples:

• Students will apply fundamental principles of stoichiometry, kinetics, and equilibrium learned in their chemistry and biology courses to the preparation and analysis of samples.
• Students will acquire valuable chemistry and biology research experience through literature searches, in sample/standard preparation techniques, in the use of state-of-the-art instrumentation, as well as in data analysis, interpretation, and reporting.
• Students will learn how to effectively summarize and communicate scientific information.

Dr. Matthew Becker

View Dr. Becker’s biography

Amphibians & Their Microbial Symbionts

The Becker lab is currently conducting two studies to understand the role of symbiotic microbes in the health and conservation of local amphibian species:

The impact of emerging infectious diseases on Virginia salamander populations.

In recent decades, amphibians have experienced unprecedented population declines, leading to many species extinctions worldwide. A large number of these declines and extinctions are occurring in protected areas, such as national parks, and are due to two amphibian diseases: chytridiomycosis and ranaviral disease. The impact of these two diseases in the southeastern United States is unknown and is hard to measure without long-term studies of infected populations.

Therefore, a main goal of the Becker lab is to set up long-term monitoring sites of local salamander populations and measure the impact of disease on population dynamics over time. Study species for this project include the eastern newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) and the Peaks of Otter salamander (Plethodon hubrichti), an endemic species with a very limited distribution along the Blue Ridge Mountains.

The microbiome of the Peaks of Otter Salamander

Animals are host to a diverse community of symbiotic microorganisms. We are currently discovering the significance of microbes to the health and normal function of the hosts they inhabit. In particular, some amphibian species host a wide array of bacteria on their skin that secrete compounds to prevent colonization of infectious pathogens such as the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which is responsible for the disease chytridiomycosis.

Recent studies have shown that some of these beneficial bacteria can be used as probiotics to prevent chytridiomycosis in highly susceptible amphibian species. In an effort to understand the ecology of amphibian cutaneous microbial communities and further conservation strategies with the use of probiotics, the Becker lab uses microbiological and molecular techniques to investigate how these microbes interact with each other, their host, and B. dendrobatidis. Study species for this project will include several local salamander species, including the Peaks of Otter salamander (Plethodon hubrichti).

Dr. Timothy Brophy

View Dr. Brophy’s biography

Vertebrate Ecology & Systematics

Dr. Brophy’s graduate research focused on ecology and systematics of salamanders and turtles, but he has broad interests in all vertebrates. Dr. Brophy has recently worked on several research projects including ecological studies of the Peaks of Otter Salamander and baraminological analyses of landfowl, waterbirds, fossil horses, salamanders, and cucurbits. His team is currently working on a lungless salamander baraminology project that includes hybridization, taxonomic, morphological, molecular, fossil, and biblical datasets.

Dr. Matthew Cooke

View Dr. Cooke’s biography

The Effects of Sublethal Pyrethroid Larval Exposure on Aedes Albopictus Mosquitoes

This project investigates whether sublethal larval exposure to the insecticide deltamethrin induces adult tolerance and molecular resistance in Aedes albopictus in Central Virginia. The primary aims are to determine if environmentally realistic larval exposure increases adult insecticide tolerance and to identify associated transcriptomic changes linked to exposure. Results will inform mosquito control strategies and improve understanding of how agricultural and public health pyrethroid use may contribute to resistance development.

This project is supported by the Virginia Academy of Science Small Project Award.

Monitoring Mosquito-Borne Disease Risk in Central Virginia Through Molecular Characterization of Mosquito Species, Bloodmeal Sources, and Viral Pathogens

We are trapping mosquitoes on Liberty University’s campus and throughout greater Central Virginia, targeting multiple life stages, and preserving specimens for morphological and molecular analysis. Once mosquitoes have been captured, they are transported back to the lab for morphological identification and nucleic acid extraction. DNA extraction is used as template for PCR analysis to identify the mosquito, the source of any bloodmeal, and the microbiome associated with each insect. RNA extraction provides a source for viral RNA, which can then be analyzed via RT-PCR and/or meta-transcriptomics to identify and quantify viruses in each insect. This study will provide a framework for understanding vector/host/pathogen/microbiome interactions and will inform public health decisions in Central Virginia.

Dr. Alan Fulp

View Dr. Fulp’s biography

Modulation of Cannabinoid Receptors

The endocannabinoid system is made up of receptors, transporters, endocannabinoids, and enzymes that are involved in the synthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids. Modulation of the endocannabinoid system has the potential to treat a variety of disorders. One area of research that Dr. Fulp is currently pursuing is the development of peripherally selective compounds, compounds that do not penetrate the CNS, that modulate cannabinoid receptors or endocannabinoid levels. These projects involve using synthetic organic chemistry to generate novel compounds with the desired pharmacological activity. Another area of research that Dr. Fulp is currently pursuing is the development of novel synthetic methodology. These projects focus on developing tandem reaction to make synthetically useful intermediates.

Dr. Alan Gillen

View Dr. Gillen’s biography

Ticks and Their Role in Lyme Disease and Alpha-gal

Tick-borne diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent throughout the United States, particularly in the region of Central Virginia. Ticks carry parasites (Babesia), bacteria, viruses, and toxic sugars (alpha-gal) that can be transmitted during blood meals. Lyme disease, caused by the pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common tick-borne disease in the Eastern United States. Symptoms are flu-like with a characteristic bullseye rash (erythema migrans).

​Recently, the prevalence of Alpha-gal syndrome has risen in Central Virginia, marked by an allergic response to the alpha-gal sugar molecule, which is present in red meat. Dr. Thomas Platts-Mills is credited with discovering Alpha-gal syndrome and confirmed the first death attributed to it in 2025. Based on reports from 2023, Bedford County, VA was identified as a significant epicenter for Alpha-gal, with the second-highest number of cases in the United States. ​

In this study, Liberty University parasitology students were anonymously surveyed on their personal experiences with tick-borne disease. With this data, general tick knowledge, frequency of tick bites, reported symptoms, and preferred treatment methods were analyzed. The aim of this study was to understand tick disease awareness and occurrence within the sample population. ​

The study consisted of fifty mostly college-age students at Liberty University who was enrolled in Parasitology (BIOL 305) or Biology Seminar (BIOL 400). The results from this study conclude that tick awareness and exposure are common among respondents. Most participants (86%) reported being bitten by a tick at least once in their lifetime, with 82% of those being able to identify the type of tick. We found that the prevalence of having or knowing someone with Lyme disease (52%) was much higher compared to Alpha-gal (18%). ​

The study concluded that tick exposure was high among participants, with tick-borne disease statistics mirroring those of national studies. Further studies should survey the general population in Central Virginia to understand the viewpoint and occurrence for the general public.

The 3-D Apparatus of Local Ticks: A New Insight into the Mechanism of Sensing Hosts and their Storage of Pathogens

Phase-contrast microscopy offers a powerful method for observing parasites and vectors that are often transparent and challenging to visualize using normal brightfield microscopy. While staining techniques can assist with identification, they require extensive preparation and may introduce debris that obscures delicate structures. Phase-contrasting microscope enhances visibility while removing extra steps that take time and adds room for error.

Phase-contrast microscopy was originally developed as a tool for studying living cells in cell biology. Using phase-contrast microscopy, internal structures of ticks, can be observed that normally be difficult even with staining. Advances in image enhancement technologies, including emerging AI-assisted image reconstruction, further improve visualization by filling small imaging gaps and supporting macromolecular-level photography. Together, these methods provide a deeper understanding of vector anatomy and disease transmission mechanisms.

Dr. Kayla Gilley-Connor

View Dr. Gilley-Connor’s biography

Animal Husbandry

Whether you are wanting to go into vet school, grad school, research, or go straight into zoo keeping, experience in animal husbandry helps build skills and experience that is marketable post-graduation.

Depending on the needs from the lab, your level of interest, and how long you’ve been helping care for animals, you will be asked to do a variety of tasks with rodents, including:

• Handling
• Body condition checks
• Feeding, watering, and cage changes
• Insuring animals have adequate enrichment available
• Sub-cutaneous administration of fluids (for those with serious interest and have shown dependability)
• Colony organization
• Breeding management (pairing and weaning of pups)

​

Liberty has amazing zoo and organismal biology programs, so we love to be able to offer these types of positions for students in those majors to make them competitive when looking for jobs. See below for qualifications:​

• Available for students as early as second semester Freshman
• Looking for workers who are willing to check in on animals on the weekend if necessary
• Willingness to learn, communicate, and are dependable
  • Especially as an animal care worker, the quality of your work and dependability directly influences our animals’ well-being. As researchers, we are trusting you to make sure we have happy and healthy animals.
• No background experience necessary!

Diabetes, Depression, & Dementia

We will start with exploring how type 1 diabetes and depression are related in male and female preclinical subjects.

Moving forward:

Once our diabetic model is established, we will take our model forward and explore these outcomes:

• Increased depression and anxiety in diabetic males and females
• Increased risk for dementia in diabetes
• The protective role of estrogen and how menopause influences depression, anxiety, and cognition in diabetes.

Interested in Neuro Research?

If you are interested in research experience, you will need to apply for consideration. We have limited spots, but we are just looking for enthusiastic students committed learning new things and wanting to being a team player! No prior experience necessary!

Before you apply:

​While many students have preference for bench work skills including tissue processing, microscopy, etc., there are many day-to-day activities that are less than glamorous. We certainly want to offer you the opportunity to build the skills you want, however, if you are not interested in helping maintain a clean space, weighing animals, timing behavior, data processing, etc., then I would suggest exploring opportunities in a different lab.

Building Skill Sets

Research opportunities in the BIOL 495 course will focus on building several skill sets. The research approach is multidisciplinary, including areas of neuroscience, histology and cell biology, psychology/behavioral science, basic animal care and health monitoring, and components of immunology.  With that in mind, the skill outcomes reflect this interdisciplinary nature. No matter the specific project, in this research lab students should expect to build skills in:

• Animal husbandry (cage cleaning and animal care such as body weights and blood glucose levels)
• Behavioral evaluation in areas of affect and cognition 
• Brain tissue collection 
• Brain tissue processing (cryosectioning, immunofluorescent staining, golgi staining)
• Microscopy and histological quantification (counting central immune or neurogenic cells, evaluating neuronal arborization, etc.)
• Data management 
• Science communication (presenting data at lab meetings and presenting a poster at research week) 

Dr. Cory Goff

View Dr. Goff’s biography

Conservation Physiology and Ecology of Amphibians

Research in the Goff lab focuses on Conservation Physiology, the use of physiological metrics (i.e. body condition and stress response) to assess the impacts and responses to environmental conditions and their effects on population health. Current research centers around the ecology and conservation of the Peaks of Otter Salamander (Plethodon hubrichti), a montane endemic to central Virginia. We are conducting long-term assessment of salamander densities, population metrics, and range limits to understand their ecology, as well as new research on population health. We started a multi-year comparative study on the salamander from different elevations, as well as allopatric and sympatric sites (where it is in competition with another similar species) within its range. We perform non-invasive hormone collection to quantify corticosterone release rates, the primary glucocorticoid hormone involved in the stress response. Analysis of corticosterone release rates in combination with body condition indices can be used as metrics to determine the population health and effects of both abiotic factors and competition.

This project is made possible by the CRS Faculty Research Project Award.

Dr. Kyle Harris

View Dr. Harris’ biography

Aquatic Ecology

Dr. Harris conducts research in the area of aquatic ecology. Current undergraduate projects focus on crayfish ecology in relation to ectosymbionts, ecotoxicology, and predator/prey dynamics. These projects are a collaborative effort with faculty in the areas of analytic chemistry, histology, ecology, and microbiology. Students present their findings annually at the Virginia Academy of Science and have opportunities to present at other regional and national research meetings (e.g. Association of Southeastern Biologists and Ecological Society of America).

Lab and field-based projects on crayfish ecology include:

• The microbial assembly on crayfish along stream continuums in relation to crayfish ectosymbionts. This project utilizes molecular research (DNA extractions, PCR, QIIME2 sequencing analysis) to further unravel the role of obligate crayfish ectosymbionts (Branchiobdellidans) on community assembly. Students apply techniques learned in microbiology, genetics, and environmental biology.
• The natural history of crayfish ectosymbionts (Branchiobdellidans) in Central Virginia. This project is cataloging Branchiobdellidans and other crayfish epifauna in Central Virginia streams from associated project field sampling. Students apply skills with taxonomic keys introduced in organismal courses.
• The effects of pollutants on crayfish and crayfish ectosymbionts. Freshwater ecosystems are impacted by a wide variety of pollutants. This project investigates how sub-lethal levels of pollutants (e.g. herbicides) affect non-target organisms in streams. Students apply techniques learned in analytic chemistry, histology, and environmental science.
• The impact of microplastics on rural and urban streams. This project investigates the presence and abundance of microplastics in stream environments with special attention given to crayfish and associated biota (e.g. fish and queen snakes). Students apply techniques learned in ecology, environmental biology, and analytic chemistry.
• The effects of crayfish (predators) on the development of amphibians (prey).Interactions between predators and prey can result in morphological and behavioral plasticity of prey. This project investigates how the presence of crayfish influences the development of amphibians.

Dr. Lara Hedrick

View Dr. Hedrick’s biography

Human Disturbance on Aquatic Ecosystems

Dr. Hedrick is researching the impacts of human disturbance on aquatic ecosystems. Dr. Hedricks’s research will focus on the new ecosystem created by the expansion of Lake Hydaway. Preliminary research will include establishing sites upstream and downstream of the lake on Opossum Creek and collecting data on water quality, temperature, and an initial evaluation of the benthic macroinvertebrates and stream fish communities. This research will translate to a long-term project to monitor fish and benthic macroinvertebrates in Opossum Creek and Lake Hydaway as the lake ages, progresses, and management decisions are made based on both recreational opportunities and biological communities. Current student(s) in Dr. Hedrick’s lab are focusing on the identifying and quantifying the mussel community in Opossum Creek.

Dr. Stephen Hobson

View Dr. Hobson’s biography

Molecularly imprinted polymer based sensor for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is the archetypal  PFAS resulting from the production and use of fluoropolymers such as Gortex® and Teflon ®. Its structure precludes environmental degradation and can lead to bioaccumulation in animals and humans. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have widespread use for applications in the biomedical, analytical, chemical and biological sciences and as active materials in chemical and biological sensors. This ongoing project focuses on the following:  synthesis of novel fluorinated crosslinking monomers; free radical polymerization in the presence of PFOA to form the MIP; and determination of the sensitivity and selectivity of the materials towards PFOA and other PFAS.

BGF synthesis and process optimization using microwave accelerated synthesis.   

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer used in the production of epoxy resins and as a solvent/developing agent in thermal printing processes (i. e. receipts). BPA is problematic both from an environmental/green chemistry perspective (current synthesized from non-renewable sources) and a toxicological perspective (estrogenic compound). The synthesis of known monomers with structures mimicking BPA but with reduced estrogencity has been reported and involves extended heating (24-36 hours) in polar protic solvents under strongly acidic conditions. Work-up required a large quantity of organic solvents and resulted in intractable emulsions. Final purification via flash chromatography results in mixtures of ortho and meta, products (~95:5) in moderate yield (35-60%). Using a CEM Discover 2.0 Microwave reactor optimization of the the yield and purity is under investigation. Variables to be examined include but are not limited to solvent (MeOH, EtOH, n-PrOH), temperature, pressure, reaction time, workup/extraction conditions, and purification. 

Dr. Daniel Howell

View Dr. Howell’s biography

Impact of High Heels on Walking Biomechanics & Foot Arches

This research is part of a broader project aimed at understanding the impact of shoes on foot anatomy and the biomechanics of walking. Electromyography (EMG) was used to compare muscle activity in the leg when walking barefoot versus walking in 4-inch heels. Walking barefoot requires significantly less lower limb muscle activity than walking in heels, which may explain muscle soreness after walking extended periods in high heeled shoes. In addition to this study, I am exploring the impact of shoes on foot arches and the windlass mechanism.

Dr. Gary Isaacs

View Dr. Isaacs’ biography

Characterization of Predicted Histone-Modifying Enzymes from Cryptococcus Neoformans

Dr. Isaacs has been leading his research group on a more recent line of inquiry centered around SAS3 and other predicted histone modifying enzymes in Cryptococcus neoformans. It is well-known that histone modifications are used by the cell to control chromatin structure and regulate gene expression pathways. Specifically, histone acetylation is broadly associated with increased gene activity with deacetylation working to counteract those effects. His current focus has been to examine potential new players in this molecular balance and how they might modulate disease states.

Recently our group has purified recombinant SAS3 and created a custom polyclonal antibody for studying the protein in vivo. Our current and future goals are:

• Determine if SAS3 complexes can function as a histone acetyltransferase in vitro
• Identify components of endogenous SAS3 complexes
• Determine genomic targets of SAS3 action.

Our methodology includes, His-tagged purification of recombinant proteins, antibody purification and validation, acetylation assays, silver staining / SDS-PAGE, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP).

Dr. Rachel Jacobsen

View Dr. Jacobsen’ biography

Stability and Aggregation in Biopharmaceutical Formulations

Injectable biopharmaceutical products such as insulin must be formulated with different excipients to ensure their safety and stability. As aggregation can lead to degradation of the drug or cause immunological responses, biologic drugs must be formulated with surfactants to prevent the formation of large aggregates. Our research has shown that the combination of preservatives such as phenol and benzyl alcohol with surfactants such as poloxamer 188, polysorbate 20, and polysorbate 80 can cause aggregation and turbidity in solutions over time, despite the fact that all individual components are well below their corresponding solubility limits. This turbidity is preceded by an apparently stable micelle phase that is only observed when preservatives are present above some critical concentration. Little is yet known about the driving force for micellization and the mechanism of aggregate growth as the micelle phase approaches the turbidity boundary—processes that impact the design of formulations utilizing these excipients.

Our goals in this project are threefold: (i) characterize the structure and mechanism of micelles and larger aggregates using small-angle scattering techniques, (ii) investigate benchtop methods of mitigating turbidity, and (iii) determine the impact of preservative-surfactant micellization on antimicrobial efficacy of these formulations.

Dr. Kristen John

View Dr. John’s biography

Functional Characterization of Human Long Noncoding RNAs within the Interferon Response

Once considered “junk” transcription, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are now known to have significant regulatory functions within biological processes. During her PhD, Dr. Kristen John helped identify the novel lncRNA VILMIR (virus inducible lncRNA modulator of interferon response), that was found to be significantly upregulated after influenza infection, as well as regulate the host interferon response. However, the exact mechanisms of how VILMIR regulates the interferon response is still unclear.

The goal of the John lab is to further investigate the functional mechanism of VILMIR within the interferon and innate immune response using human cell lines as a model. The long-term goal of this project is to establish new therapeutic gene targets that could regulate specific processes within viral and immune responses. Students gain valuable experience in techniques including mammalian cell culture, RNA isolation, PCR/RT-qPCR, and gene expression analysis. It is also expected that this work will be in collaboration with Dr. John’s previous lab at North Carolina State University.

Dr. Ben Kalu

View Dr. Kalu’s biography

Pathophysiology of Alcoholic Liver Disease

According to the Center for Disease Control, chronic liver diseases and Alcoholic Liver Disease are the 12th leading cause of death in the U.S., accounting for about 34,000 deaths in 2011. Also, liver cancers are the 8th leading cause of cancer death in the U.S. with about 16,000 deaths per year. A common factor associated with these liver diseases is chronic alcohol consumption. Therefore, our group is interested in elucidating the molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology of alcoholic liver disease and its course/progression to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

We use in-vivo models of chronic alcohol consumption as well as alcohol-treated cell culture models to examine:

• Genes whose expression levels are altered and the physiological impacts of such alterations
• Subcellular localization, integrity and functions of organelles with particular emphasis on the mitochondria (oxidative stress) and lysosomes (autophagy)
• Possible molecules, drugs or nutritional supplements that may reverse, retard or halt the development of progression of these disease conditions (drug discovery)

Our group is very hands-on and student-oriented, affording the students flexibility to work at their individual paces while giving them exposure to laboratory skills and analytical competencies that will help define their career paths and make them competitive in the science community.

Dr. Joshua Kittle

View Dr. Kittle’s biography

Comparative Vapor Sensing Using Natural Photonic Crystals

This research project investigates the potential of naturally occurring photonic crystal (PhC) structures as low-cost, passive sensors for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with food spoilage and environmental exposure. Photonic crystals found in biological systems exhibit highly ordered nanoscale architectures that produce vivid coloration through light interference. These structures are also sensitive to changes in their surrounding environment, including the presence of chemical vapors.

The study focuses on distinct natural photonic crystal systems from butterflies and beetles selected to represent a range of structural geometries and optical responses, enabling a comparative analysis of vapor sensitivity across biologically diverse materials. A targeted set of representative VOCs will be used to probe sensor response. These compounds were chosen to span key chemical classes (polar, nonpolar, and basic vapors) while maintaining accessibility, safety, and relevance to real-world conditions such as food spoilage and air quality monitoring. Optical responses, including reflectance shifts and visible color changes, will be measured to assess sensitivity, selectivity, and response time.

The overall goal of this work is to evaluate the feasibility of leveraging natural photonic crystals as scalable sensing platforms. By comparing structure-function relationships across systems, this project aims to inform the design of bioinspired materials for practical applications in food safety, environmental monitoring, and low-cost chemical detection technologies.

Dr. Michael Korn

View Dr. Korn’s biography

Organic Compounds, Chemical Education, and Materials

Dr. Korn’s research interests are at the interface between organic chemistry, materials science, and biology and include the following topics:

• New Fluorophores. We are interested in developing fluorophores based on four different cores. This project involves the synthesis and analysis of these compounds, along with determining suitable biomedical applications.
• Development of New Organic Chemistry Laboratory Experiments. In this project, we are seeking to develop new and to improve existing experiments for the undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory. Projects include column chromatography, bromination reactions and the use of enzymatic reactions suitable for the organic laboratory.
• Planarity in Organic Semiconductors. We are interested in how side-groups attached to a specific aromatic core will affect the compounds’ resulting geometry and bandgap. Employing molecular modeling will assist in computing electronic properties.
• Crystal Growth on Titanium Substrates. In collaboration with the engineering department, we are interested in how titanium-based substances will grow on various titanium surfaces.

Dr. Vhuthu Madzinge-Thomas

View Dr. Madzinge’s biography

Brainwave Activity in Response to Frequency and Genre

Dr. Madzinge-Thomas’s physiology research, in partnership with Dr. Ersilia Mirabelli, focuses on human neurophysiology and physiological responses to experimental conditions. A major area of investigation examines the effects of music tuning frequency on brain activity, cognition, and memory. Using EEG, this research investigates how music tuned to 432 Hz versus 440 Hz influences alpha and theta brainwave activity and memory performance across different musical genres. Student projects arising from this research have resulted in presentations at Research Week, the Virginia Academy of Science (VAS), and ASSURE.

This research has also facilitated interdisciplinary and international collaborations with the Liberty University School of Music and the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa.

Students have been trained in experimental design, physiological data collection, data analysis and interpretation, and scientific communication. Several students have progressed from classroom-based investigations to formal research projects presented through posters, oral presentations, and 3-Minute Thesis competitions.

Cadaveric and Anthropometric Research

Dr. Madzinge-Thomas’s anatomy research focuses on cadaveric anatomy, anatomical variation, clinical anatomy, musculoskeletal anatomy, and anthropometry.

A major area of research examines sciatic nerve high division (SNHD) in cadaveric donors, including its prevalence, anatomical relationship to the piriformis muscle, and classification. This research identified an unusually high prevalence of SNHD, as well as a potentially novel anatomical configuration that may warrant an expansion of the traditional classification system. Student research from this project has resulted in poster and oral presentations, including a second-place award in a 3-Minute Thesis competition, and is currently being developed for publication. The sample size is also being expanded through collaboration with two additional institutions.

Cadaveric research has also resulted in the identification of clinically relevant anatomical variants. One project documenting bilateral accessory plantaris muscles with variant origins and insertions progressed from a student cadaveric investigation to a peer-reviewed publication in Cureus in 2026.

Another area of investigation involves anthropometry and population variation, including the use of hand and foot dimensions for stature estimation among understudied ethnic populations. This ongoing research includes collaboration with the Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine.

Many projects originated from observations made during cadaveric anatomy courses and were subsequently developed into structured research questions, case studies, conference abstracts, presentations, and manuscripts.

The Effects of Curcumin and C646 on Insulin Signaling

Dr. Madzinge-Thomas’s cell and molecular biology research focuses on insulin signaling, metabolic regulation, protein phosphorylation and acetylation, and cellular metabolism.

A central component of this research investigates the relationship between p300, S6K1, and IRS-1 in the regulation of insulin signaling. Studies using HepG2 cells have examined how inhibition of S6K1 and p300 affects IRS-1 phosphorylation and downstream signaling. This work has provided evidence regarding the regulation of IRS-1 Ser1101 by S6K1 and has generated additional mechanistic questions concerning the relationship between p300-mediated acetylation and S6K1 activity. This research has resulted in peer-reviewed scholarly work, with additional manuscripts currently in development.

Related research has examined S6K1 K516 acetylation, p300 isoforms, insulin receptor expression, and the effects of polyphenolic compounds, such as curcumin, on insulin signaling. These projects have generated numerous student presentations, including award-winning presentations at Research Week and presentations at VAS.

Student training has included experimental design, cell culture, molecular laboratory techniques, data analysis, literature evaluation, scientific writing, and conference preparation. Student mentorship is a central component of the Madzinge-Thomas Lab. Students are engaged throughout the research process.

Dr. Ersilia Mirabelli

View Dr. Mirabelli’s biography

Neuropathic Pain

Neuropathic pain is a debilitating condition that significantly impacts the quality of life in affected individuals and remains the most challenging to treat since conventional therapies currently do not adequately resolve it. The scope of this research is to elucidate pathological circuits and mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain using mouse models for chronic pain in adult mice, and pure murine neuronal and glial cultures to determine the involvement of inflammatory effectors in-vitro. Ultimately, we aim to propose novel targets for therapeutic interventions.

Dr. William Moore

View Dr. Moore’s biography

Cellular Mechanisms of Stress-Induced Metabolic Dysfunction

This project examines how cellular stress alters metabolic regulation and nutrient utilization. Our work focuses on identifying the signaling pathways that respond to environmental and physiological stressors and how these pathways influence metabolic homeostasis.

This project is supported by the Virginia Academy of Science Small Project Award.

Cellular Mechanisms of Natural Product-Driven Glucose Homeostasis

Our laboratory investigates how naturally occurring compounds influence cellular metabolism and glucose regulation. We focus on understanding the molecular signals that control nutrient uptake in key metabolic tissues, including fat and muscle cells. By studying these processes, we aim to uncover new ways that diet-derived compounds can support healthy glucose balance and overall metabolic health.

This project is supported by the Virginia Academy of Science Small Project Award.

Cellular Mechanisms of Metabolic Modulation in Renal Cell Carcinoma

We are investigating how naturally occurring compounds can influence cancer cell metabolism. Using models of kidney cancer, we study how specific compounds affect glucose uptake and cellular signaling pathways that control cell growth and survival. By understanding these interactions at the molecular level, we aim to uncover potential strategies for targeting metabolic vulnerabilities in cancer cells.

This project is supported by the Mary Louise Andrews Olds Award for Cancer Research.

Physiological Stress as a Diet-Independent Driver of Intestinal Sugar Handling and Metabolic Disease

This project looks at how common physiological stresses change the way the body takes in and handles nutrients. The goal is to find drivers of metabolic disease that act independently of diet, and that could be prevented or treated.

This project is supported by the Virginia Academy of Science Small Project Award.

Plant- and Microbe-Derived Bioactives as Alternative Activators of Glucose Uptake in Adipose Tissue

Some natural compounds from plants, and gut microbial metabolites of those compounds, increase glucose uptake in fat cells. This project looks at how they do it. Early evidence suggests they work through a route that bypasses part of the usual insulin pathway, so they could help in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

This project is supported by the Virginia Academy of Science Small Project Award.

Diet-Derived Sterols as Disruptors of Tumor Energy Metabolism in Renal Cell Carcinoma

Kidney cancer cells take up large amounts of glucose to keep growing. This project looks at how a naturally occurring dietary sterol interferes with that fuel supply. We’re tracing the internal energy and stress signaling that drives the effect, to see whether these compounds could work as metabolism-targeted therapies.

This project is supported by the Mary Louise Andrews Olds Award for Cancer Research.

Prof. Kristin Mossé

View Prof. Mossé’s biography

Civil War Surgical Table Project

Students are generating DNA profiles from the Hillsman House surgical table used during the last battle of the Civil War, as well as determining the best method of sample collection and analysis from a wooden substrate. The forensic science community will benefit from this by understanding the extent of STR analysis and the longevity of DNA from aged bloodstains, as well as collection and extraction techniques. This information expands the bounds of current DNA analysis and signifies that even 150-year-old DNA has the potential to be accurately analyzed, impacting historical records and crime scenes alike.

Dog/Cat Hair Microscopic Analysis Project

Students are conducting microscopic analyses of dog and cat hairs from various breeds, determining similar and different characteristics between dog breeds and doing the same for cat breeds while taking into account breed, gender, age (approximation), and diet (if known). The goal of this research is to determine whether the characteristics of dog/cat hair can effectively differentiate between breeds, which is important for forensic applications. While there is extensive literature on human hair analysis, there is not much to be found on dog/cat hair, although both are present at many crime scenes. This research ultimately aims to gather sufficient data on a wide range of dog/cat breeds to compile a comprehensive database to identify differences in dog/cat hair, contributing to the discipline of trace evidence hair analysis within forensic science.

Single-Step Fingerprint Fumigation Project

Students are developing a new methodology for fingerprint fumigation by using various dyes from markers and highlighters to reduce time constraints and simplify the process of increasing the visibility of latent fingerprints. The goal of this research project is to develop a fingerprint fumigation method that effectively visualizes latent fingerprints in a single fumigation step, making a secondary visualization method (like dusting) unnecessary.

Dr. Ana Gabriela Pacheco de Oliveira

View Dr. Pacheco’s biography

Molecular Insights into Amyloid Pathology in Neurodegenerative Diseases

According to the Alzheimer’s Association (AA), there are currently 7.2 million Americans living in the United States with this disease. AD does not only affect Americans, but it is also a worldwide health challenge. Therefore, there is a great need for research seeking to further investigate the chemistry behind this disease and its related dementias.

This project is a segway from my PhD project which was titled “Investigating Amyloid Aggregates in Neurodegenerative Diseases Using Label-free Vibrational Microscopy” which focuses on the study of the chemistry behind some of the main pathological features of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and other types of cognitive decline diseases such as Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA). Throughout this project, it was highlighted that not all pathological features of these diseases are the same. Therefore, investigating the chemistry of these features in the brain could one day lead to and assist in the development of possible therapeutics for the treatment of AD and other types of cognitive decline diseases associated with AD. Throughout this work, it was shown that small chemical molecules such as carotenoids can be found in the brain, and they are associated with the overall abundance of certain types of secondary structures connected to AD features. It is well known that carotenoids are a type of anti-inflammatory agent to the body, and they were found in some of the pathological features of AD and CAA. This shows that not every amyloid aggregate is the same, and significant differences can exist even between aggregates from the same patient. This highlights the need for the development of therapeutics which will focus on specific types of structures within specific aggregates. As an example, targeting amyloid aggregates which can play a role in neuroinflammation could be beneficial for disease mitigation.

At LU, this project is being conducted in collaboration with Dr. Gilley-Connor. Building on my PhD research, the project focuses on understanding how the aggregation of amyloid-β is affected by the presence of small molecules. Combining the chemical characterization of amyloid aggregates with histological analyses provides valuable insights into the behavior of these aggregates across different biological systems, from in vitro models to ex vivo tissues.

Dr. Gregory Raner

View Dr. Raner’s biography

Evaluation of Plant Peroxidases as Candidates for Environmental Bioremediation

The current research in my lab is an initial phase of a longer-term research objective, which is to develop biological catalysts for the degradation of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) that constitute a major environmental health concern across the country. The specific aim of the current proposal is to identify members of a family of diverse and ubiquitous plant enzymes called peroxidases, that can effectively bind and potentially degrade these substances. We are currently working with 2 specific enzymes both isolated from the squash family (cucurbita) purified from pumpkin skin and butternut squash skin.

Dr. Nancy Richardson

View Dr. Richardson’s biography

Studying Elephant Toothpaste: The Kinetics and a Statistical Analysis of Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition

The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with yeast is studied with the aim of creating a General Chemistry lab exercise.

Dr. Paul Sattler

View Dr. Sattler’s biography

Herpetology

Dr. Sattler is involved with both lab and field studies with amphibians and reptiles. He has been an active member of the Virginia Herpetological Society since 1987 and has held every elected office at one time or another. He currently serves as the co-editor of their journal, Catesbeiana. He participates in the VHS surveys and supervises the Field Notes section of the journal, updating and determining the distribution of amphibians and reptiles in Virginia.

Dr. Sattler is also using molecular genetic techniques, protein electrophoresis and DNA sequencing, to examine the extent of genetic differentiation in isolated populations of amphibians, particularly salamanders in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia. The technique has been useful in uncovering cryptic species, those that cannot be determined using traditional morphological characters. Molecular techniques can uncover new species, and once the molecular markers are available, to determine the extent of that species’ range. Thus, field and lab studies are integrated to answer basic questions on the distribution of animals in Virginia. Students are involved with research projects to isolate DNA from tissues, usually tail clips, and then PCR used to amplify specific gene fragments to either differentiate or identify species.

Dr. Gene Sattler

View Dr. Sattler’s biography

Migration Dynamics of Northern Saw-Whet Owls

This project is focused on exploring the migration dynamics of Northern Saw-whet Owls as we answer questions about the timing of the migration in this region, differences in the magnitude of flights among years, and differences in the timing and magnitude of movement among age and sex classes. A banding station here also adds insights into the geographic distribution of Northern Saw-whet Owls during migration; we are one of the more southern banding stations for the species in eastern North America, and our location in the inner Piedmont of Virginia complements saw-whet banding stations in Virginia in the Ridge and Valley province to the northwest and in the Coastal Plain province to the east. The project also provides students with valuable field experience in mist netting, handling, aging, sexing, and banding birds.

This research project is made possible by the Lynchburg Bird Club Research Grant and the Virginia Society of Ornithology Conservation Grant.

Survey of Autumn Hawk Migration in the Inner Piedmont of Virginia

This department-based project has been studying the fall hawk migration from Liberty Mountain since 1997. Over a dozen species of hawks and other diurnally migrating raptors such as eagles and osprey migrate through Virginia each year. The study of their migration dynamics in Virginia has always been done predominantly along mountain ridges of the western mountain and valley region and along the coast of the eastern coastal plain. We are documenting this migration in the inner Piedmont region in order to fill in gaps in our understanding of Virginia’s hawk migration.

Dr. Chad Snyder

View Dr.Snyder’s biography

Inorganic Chemistry of Fingerprint Powder Formulation

The Snyder group actively researches latent fingerprints and how to improve fingerprint powder mixtures. Approaching fingerprint powder formulation from the perspective of inorganic chemistry creates many opportunities to improve this relevant and highly valued method still used today for identification. The application of inorganic chemistry within the context of K_sp, color, tactility, safety, and density provides improved results for adhering to human sweat, oil, or other natural secretions on the skin.  

Organic Chemistry of Presumptive Color Tests

The Snyder group also actively researches improvements in color tests for a variety of adulterants found within illegal drug samples using synthetic organic chemistry. The group only examines, formulates, and tests over-the counter organic compounds that have been proven to be cutting agents in illegal drugs as documented in peer-reviewed scientific publications. The students are trained in synthetic organic chemistry with the goal to make improved presumptive tests that identify these adulterants in the visible spectrum. 

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of Over-the-Counter Hydrochloride Salts Used as Cutting Agents

The student to participates in this research learns how to generate various hydrochloride salts of common over-the-counter medications often present in illegal samples. This synthesis is accomplished via organic chemistry and characterization is performed using MP, IR spectroscopy and SEM-EDX. The student is trained in the organic synthesis as well as in IR spectroscopy. Additionally, the student learns to utilize for further analysis and characterization of these compounds as accomplished by students in this group (see Figure 3). 

Dr. Lindsey Stevenson

View Dr. Stevenson’s biography

What effect does BPC have on the immune system?

Exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) has been shown to have a range of deleterious effects, resulting in anything from life threatening cancers to cosmetic problems such as breast formation in men.  However, BPA and other estrogenic compounds have been shown to affect the development and function of the immune system.  The wide ranging harmful effects of BPA exposure have resulted in plastic manufacturers discontinuing the use of BPA in favor of “safer” BPA alternatives such as BPC, BPF, etc.  But how safe are these alternatives? 

Dr. Stevenson’s lab seeks to test the effects of exposure to BPA alternatives, with particular focus on how BPA and BPC affect numbers of B1 B cells that develop in the fish.  High numbers of B1 B cells, unlike their classic B2 counterparts, have been correlated with predisposure to autoimmune diseases, including Lupus.  At the moment, the Stevenson lab is creating a transgenic model of zebrafish, such that all B cells are tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP), to aid us in our focus on how exposure to BPA and its alternatives alters development of B cells.

Dr. Jeremiah Winter

View Dr. Winter’s biography

Investigating Effects of Food Additives on Lysosomal Activity

Many human diseases are associated with dysfunction in cellular recycling mechanisms and there are suggestions that diet or medications may affect such conditions. Lysosomes are at the center of disposal mechanisms within cellular systems and are increasingly the focal point of research in a broad range of diseases including acid reflux, cancer, and neurodegeneration (i.e. Alzheimer’s). The current project will utilize methodology for lysosome extraction and test their activity, after exposure to selected substances. The assays developed will simulate how scientists create a discovery pipeline for testing substances that affect lysosomal function, to include over-the-counter drugs, food additives, and natural compounds.

This research is made possible by the ILLUMINATE Grant – Grants for the Improvement of Teaching.

Dr. Jing Xu

View Dr. Xu’s biography

Tissue Slicer for Ovarian Biology Research and Clinical Application

Ovarian biology research using large animal, such as domestic animal, and human specimens often require obtaining 0.5-1.5 mm fresh tissue slices. Tissue slicing is the first critical step for ovarian structure dissection, tissue culture, tissue cryopreservation, and bioprosthetic construction. In the past decade, ovarian slices have been obtained using a commercial tissue slicer. However, the product was discontinued and there are no comparable alternatives available. Dr. Xu has a collaborative project with the Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, to build a tissue slicer. The device will be tested for (a) the capacity of tolerating sterilization processes, (b) the biocompatibilty when processing fresh tissue without causing cytotoxic damages, and (c) the efficiency of generating ovarian tissue slices with desired thickness that maintain their integrity and viability after cryopreservation.

Computational Tool for Automated Ovarian Follicle Counting

Ovarian follicles are basic functional units in the female gonad. Follicle number in the ovary is one of the parameters commonly assessed in reproductive biology or physiology research to determine female endocrine function and fertility potential. Follicles at different developmental stages exhibit different features, which need to be identified before follicles can be counted into corresponding categories. Currently, follicle counting is performed by experienced laboratory personnel which is time consuming and labor intensive. Dr. Xu has a collaborative project with the Computer Science Department, School of Business, to design a computer-assisted tool that leverages AI to count follicles in the animal and human ovaries, which includes (a) archived ovarian image annotation for algorithm development and iterative training, (b) ovarian histological section preparation for imaging and analysis, and (c) evaluation of the software design and protocol via comparison between manual and automated follicle counting.

Rodent Tissue Repository for Research on Gonadal Development and Function

Gonads are not only reproductive organs producing gametes, but also endocrine organs secreting steroid hormones. Factors that interfere with gonadal development and function can predispose an individual to endocrine disorders and infertility. Animal models are often needed to access the risk factors including genetics, lifestyle, environmental exposure, health status, medical treatment, etc.

Dr. Xu has built collaborations within the Department of Biology & Chemistry and with Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine to develop and maintain a rodent gonadal tissue repository for potential research. Currently, the archived tissues include formalin-fixed/paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and fresh-frozen testes and ovaries from (a) healthy control and mice with type 1 diabetes, (b) mice fed with control, Western-style, and Mediterranean diet, (c) control and obese mice with/without weight loss medication, (d) vehicle control and mice receiving in utero exposure of bisphenol, and (e) vehicle control and mice receiving chemotherapy. The repository is expanding which can be utilized to study gonadal development and function affected by various conditions.

Dr. Lianjie Xue

View Dr. Xue’s biography

Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Study of Dye Diffusion in Ionic Liquids

In this study, we employ maximum entropy method-based fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (MEM-FCS) to study the diffusion behavior of uncharged, cationic, and anionic perylene diimide (PDI) dyes in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([CnC1im][BF4]) ILs having different alkyl chain lengths (n = 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10). MEM-FCS gives characteristic diffusion time (D) distributions of PDI solutes in media. Results show that characteristic diffusion time_D of the charged PDIs was longer than that of the uncharged PDI, reflecting strong electrostatic interaction of their terminal ionic moieties with CnC1im+ or BF4-.